उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत Stimulus Response Theory (S-R Theory) जिसके प्रतिपादक Edward L. Thorndike हैं। इसलिए इस सिद्धांत को थार्नडाइक का अधिगम सिद्धांत (Thorndike S-R Theory of Learning) के नाम से भी जाना जाता हैं। थार्नडाइक के इस सिद्धान्त को बाल-मनोविज्ञान में मुख्य स्थान दिया जाता हैं।
थार्नडाइक के इस सिद्धान्त के अनुसार छात्र तभी क्रियाशील होता हैं। जब कोई वस्तु उसे उस कार्य को करने की ओर प्रेरित करें। थार्नडाइक के इन विचारों को ही मनोविज्ञान में उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धान्त (Stimulus Response Theory) के नाम से जाना जाता हैं। थार्नडाइक ने अपने इस सिद्धांत का प्रतिपादन वर्ष 1913 में प्रकासित अपनी पुस्तक ‘शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान’ में किया।
थार्नडाइक का यह सिद्धांत विश्व-विख्यात हैं, उनके द्वारा यह परीक्षण एक बिल्ली पर किया गया था। इस परीक्षण का मुख्य उद्देश्य अपने विचारों को वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करना था। थार्नडाइक के द्वारा दिये गए इस सिद्धान्त का अनुसरण वर्तमान शिक्षा प्रणाली में छात्रों का संज्ञानात्मक विकास करने हेतु किया जाता हैं।
थार्नडाइक का उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत या अधिगम सिद्धांत |Thorndike Stimulus Response Theory (S-R Theory) of Learning in Hindi
थार्नडाइक एक पशु संबंधित अमेरिकी मनोवैज्ञानिक थे। जिन्होंने अपना परीक्षण एक बिल्ली पर किया एवं उस बिल्ली द्वारा की गई अनुक्रिया का मनोवैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण कर एक सिद्धांत को जन्म दिया। जिसे उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत एवं S-R Theory के नाम से जाना जाता हैं। थार्नडाइक के इसी सिद्धांत को अधिगमकर्ता का सिद्धांत (Theory of learning) भी कहा जाता हैं।
थार्नडाइक द्वारा यह परीक्षण एक बिल्ली पर किया गया था। जिसमें उन्होंने एक भूखी बिल्ली को पिंजरे में बंद के दिया। उस पिंजरे की बनावट कुछ इस प्रकार थी कि उसके अंदर एक बटन लगाया गया था। जिसमे जब बिल्ली के पैर पड़ता था तो उस पिंजरे का दरवाजा खुल जाया करता था। एक दिन थार्नडाइक ने उस पिंजरे के बाहर एक मछली रख दी।
जिसकी सुगंध पाकर बिल्ली बाहर निकलने के लिए विभिन्न क्रिया करने लगी। जिस कारण उसका पैर उस पिंजरे में लगे बटन में पड़ गया और उस पिंजरे का दरवाजा खुल गया और उस बिल्ली को वह भोजन प्राप्त हो गया। उसमें यह परीक्षण बिल्ली पर कई बार किया।
जिस कारण बिल्ली को यह आभास हो गया कि इस बटन के दबने से यह पिंजरा खुल जा रहा हैं और यह परीक्षण बार-बार करने पर बिल्ली कम समय मे ही उस पिंजरे को खोलना सिख गयी।
थार्नडाइक के अनुसार उद्दीपन ही अनुक्रिया को जन्म देता हैं, अर्थात बिल्ली के लिए उस मछली ने उद्दीपन का कार्य किया और उस मछली के कारण बिल्ली ने अपनी अनुक्रिया की। थार्नडाइक के कथानुसार उद्दीपन की मौजूदगी में ही अनुक्रिया होती हैं और व्यक्ति सिखता हैं।
थार्नडाइक के अधिगम सिद्धांत के नियम (मुख्य एवं गौण) |Thorndike Law of learning theory
थार्नडाइक ने अपने इस परीक्षण के आधार पर ही अधिगम के मुख्य एवं गौण नियमों का निर्माण किया जो इस प्रकार हैं –
अधिगम सिद्धांत के मुख्य नियम (Main rules of learning theory)
● तत्परता का नियम (Law of readiness)
● अभ्यास का नियम (law of exercise)
● प्रभाव का नियम (Law of effect)
1. तत्परता का नियम – थार्नडाइक के अनुसार अधिगम (सिखना) हेतु मनुष्य में तत्परता अर्थात किसी कार्य को करने की उत्सुकता एवं जिज्ञासा होनी चाहिए। वह तभी असंभव कार्य को कम समय मे सिख कर अपने दैनिक जीवन मे उसका उपयोग के सकता हैं, अर्थात अधिगम हेतु इस नियम का पालन अनिवार्य हैं।
2. अभ्यास का नियम – अभ्यास के इस नियम को उपयोग और अनुपयोग के नियम भी कहा जाता हैं। इस नियम के अनुसार व्यक्ति जब किसी कार्य को बार-बार करता है, तो उस कार्य को तीव्र गति से अपने दैनिक जीवन मे उतार लेता हैं। गणित और विज्ञान जैसे जटिल विषयों और यह नियम ज्यादा उपयोगी सिद्ध हो सकता हैं।
3. प्रभाव का नियम – प्रभाव के नियम के अनुसार छात्र को अधिगम हेतु किसी वस्तु या किसी व्यक्ति के संपर्क में आने की आवश्यकता होती हैं। जिस कारण वह उद्दीपन के प्रति अनुक्रिया करने को उत्सुक होता हैं।
अधिगम सिद्धांत के गौण नियम (Secondary rules of learning theory)
● बहुप्रतिक्रिया का नियम (law of milti response)
● सहचर्य परिवर्तन का नियम (law of associative changes)
● आत्मीकरण का नियम (law of self-realization)
● आंशिक क्रिया का नियम (law of partial activity)
● मनोवृति का नियम (law of attitude)
1. बहुप्रतिक्रिया का नियम – थार्नडाइक के अनुसार जब व्यक्ति प्रयत्न एवं भूल के सिद्धांत पर चलता हैं तो उसमें विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रतिक्रियाएं होती हैं। जिससे वह बहुत सारे अनुभव प्राप्त कर अधिगम (सिखना) करता हैं।
2. सहचर्य परिवर्तन का नियम – थार्नडाइक के अनुसार छात्रों को किसी प्रकरण का अधिगम कराने हेतु उस प्रकरण संबंधित वातावरण बनाना अति-आवश्यक है। जिस करण छात्र तीव्र ओर स्थायी रूप से अधिगम कर सकें। जिसे सहचर्य परिवर्तन का नियम कहा जाता हैं।
3. आत्मीकरण का नियम -इस नियम के अनुसार छात्रों को अधिगम करवाने हेतु उनके पूर्व-ज्ञान का सहारा लेना चाहिए, अर्थात उन्हें ज्ञात से अज्ञात की ओर अग्रसर करना ही इस नियम का कार्य हैं।
4. आंशिक क्रिया का नियम – इस नियम के अनुसार छात्रों को अंश से पूर्ण की ओर अग्रसर कर उन्हें अधिगम करवाया जाना चाहिए, अर्थात किसी प्रकरण को सम्पूर्ण रूप मे ना पढ़ा कर छोटी-छोटी इकाइयों में पढ़ाया जाना चाहिए।
5. मनोवृति का नियम – थार्नडाइक के इस नियम के अनुसार अधिगम हेतु छात्रों में एक विशिष्ट दृष्टिकोण का होना अनिवार्य हैं। जो उनके दृष्टिकोण में आत्मविश्वास का निर्माण करें।
उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत की विशेषता |Characteristics of Stimulus Response Theory
● उद्दीपन और अनुक्रिया के मध्य सामंजस्य एवं संतुलन स्थापित होना अधिगम हैं।
● यह प्रयास एवं भूल के नियम (law of try and mistake) को मुख्य स्थान दिया जाता हैं, क्योंकि वह विभिन्न प्रतिक्रियाएं एवं भूल ही सही मार्ग के अधिगम की ओर अग्रसर करती हैं।
● अधिगम के इस सिद्धान्त के अनुसार अनुक्रिया हेतु उद्दीपन का होना अनिवार्य हैं, अर्थात अधिगम हेतु अधिगम के लिए प्रेरित करने वाली वस्तु का होना अनिवार्य हैं।
● इस सिद्धांत के अनुसार त्रुटियों में निरंतर कमी होना अधिगम के कौशल में वृद्धि करता हैं।
उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत की शिक्षा में उपयोगिता |Importance of Stimulus Response theory (S-R)
यह सिद्धांत छात्रों को स्थायी अधिगम प्रदान करने के अवसरों का निर्माण करता हैं। जिस कारण उनकी स्मृति में स्थायित्व के गुणों का समावेश होता हैं। यह सिद्धांत छात्रों को स्वयं से सिखने के अवसर प्रदान करता हैं। जिससे उनके आत्म-विश्वास में वृद्धि होती हैं। यह छात्रों को बार-बार प्रयत्न करने हेतु उद्दीपन की ओर आकर्षित करता हैं। जिस कारण उनका ध्यान केंद्रित हो सकें।
यह छात्रों में धैर्य,सक्रियता,स्थिरता एवं परिक्षम जैसे विभिन्न गुणों का विकास करता हैं। यह सिद्धांत गणित एवं विज्ञान जैसे जटिल विषयों हेतु अत्यधिक उपयोगी हैं। अधिगम के इन नियमों एवं सिद्धांतो का पालन कर इन विषयो को रुचिकर एवं आसान बनाया जा सकता हैं। जिससे इनकी जटिलताओं का अंत किया जा सकें।
निष्कर्ष |Conclusion
थार्नडाइक का उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धान्त (Thorndike Stimulus Response Theory of Learning) वर्तमान की शिक्षण-अधिगम प्रणाली को प्रभावशाली बनाने हेतु अत्यंत उपयोगी हैं। थार्नडाइक के उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत का प्रयोग किसी भी आयु के छात्रों हेतु किया जा सकता हैं। इस सिद्धांत की सहायता से स्मृति को स्थायित्व प्रदान किया जा सकता हैं, क्योंकि यह सिद्धांत कर के सिखने की ओर प्रेरित करता हैं।
तो दोस्तों आज आपने जाना कि उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत (sr theory) क्या हैं? (Stimulus Response Theory in Hindi) और (theory of learning in Hindi) अगर आपको हमारी यह पोस्ट पसंद आई हो तो इसे अपने अन्य साथियों के साथ भी अवश्य शेयर करें।
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- ब्रूनर का संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धांत |Bruner Theory in Hindi
- स्किनर का क्रिया प्रसूत अनुबंधन सिद्धांत |Operant Conditioning Theory (R-S Theory) in Hindi
- थार्नडाइक का उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया सिद्धांत |Thorndike Stimulus Response Theory (S-R Theory) in Hindi
- ब्लूम का वर्गीकरण |Bloom Taxonomy in Hindi
- पियाजे का संज्ञानात्मक विकास – Piaget Theory in Hindi ||
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Trivia quiz | Asllani, Bellanova, De Vrij Aggiungere Calcio Risultati alla pagina iniziale NBA Finals 2022: i Warriors sfidano i Celtics Dove guardare gli highlights di Club Brugge Utrecht? 5 Novembre 2021 Score Trend Fantacalcio, i migliori cinque portieri del girone d’andata Il match Bologna – Atalanta verrá trasmesso in diretta tv su Sky Sport Calcio, Sky Sport 4K e Sky Sport 251. Sarà possibile vedere il match in diretta streaming su DAZN, ZONA DAZN (canale 214 del decoder Sky per gli abbonati DAZN), Now TV e Sky Go, scaricando le app oppure accedendo ai siti delle piattaforme tramite i propri dispositivi mobili (pc, tablet e smartphone). Italia e Germania si affrontano di nuovo in Nations League Il programma delle due partite amichevoli:
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Proprio per questo motivo starebbe osservando con grande attenzione le prestazioni di Iling-Junior, giovane attaccante esterno della Juventus che, proprio contro la compagine leccese, si è messo in mostra fornendo un assisti risultato decisivo. Corvino, inoltre, sarebbe interessato alla situazione di Esposito, attaccante classe 2002 che potrebbe ben integrarsi nel 4-3-3 di Baroni e potrebbe alternarsi con Lorenzo Colombo, attaccante che verrà riscattato per 2.5 milioni di euro. Sui giovani Il tecnico del Lecce: “Milan e Juve? Possiamo vincere e perdere contro tutti”. Le parole dell’esterno che ha contribuito con un gol decisivo al 2-0 del Verona ai danni del Lecce La società a seguito delle numerose richieste pervenute, ha messo in vendita tutti i posti solitamente inutilizzati, circa 2.000 a ridotta visibilità.
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