ब्रूनर का संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धांत |Bruner Theory in Hindi

ब्रूनर का संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धान्त Bruner Theory छात्रों के अधिगम (Learning) में सहायक तत्वों का समावेश हैं। जिसमें ब्रूनर ने छात्रों को अधिगम कराने संबंधित विचारों को प्रस्तुत किया हैं। ब्रूनर के इन सिद्धान्तों को Theory of Learning के नाम से भी जाना जाता हैं। 

bruner theory kya hai hindi

ब्रूनर (1915-2016) एक अमेरिकी मनोवैज्ञानिक थे। जिन्होंने अपने विचारों के माध्यम से अपना स्थान मनोविज्ञान में प्रसिद्ध किया। आज हम इस पोस्ट के माध्यम से जानेंगे कि ब्रूनर का संज्ञानात्मक विकास क्या हैं? Bruner Theory of Learning in Hindi

ब्रूनर का संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धांत क्या हैं? |Bruner Theory in Hindi

ब्रूनर ने अधिगम के सिद्धांत को 3 तत्वों में परिभाषित किया। जिसमें उन्होंने कहा कि छात्रों को कक्षा में अधिगम कराने के लिए एक तीन तत्वों को शिक्षा प्रणाली में समाहित करना चाहिए। जो इस प्रकार हैं- 

1. Enactive – यह एक क्रिया आधारित अधिगम हैं। जिसमें छात्र क्रिया करके वस्तुओं को समझने का प्रयास करता हैं और उस वस्तु से हुई प्रति क्रियाओं को स्मृति एवं विशेषताओं के रूप में उसको अपने मस्तिष्क में स्थापित करने लगता हैं। 

उदाहरण अगर आप किसी बच्चें को कोई खिलौना देते हैं। तो वो उसके साथ विभिन्न प्रकार की क्रिया करके देखता हैं। जैसे- उसको मुह में डालना या उसको घुमा-घुमा के देखना। 

इस प्रकार का अधिगम छात्रों के 0 से 3 वर्ष तक अधिक मात्रा में सक्रिय रहता हैं। इसके अंतर्गत छात्र क्रिया-प्रतिक्रिया के आधार पर चीजों को सीखने का प्रयास करता हैं। जिससे उसकी स्मृति का विकास होने लगता हैं।

2. Iconic – इसमें बालक किसी वस्तु के आकार,रंग आदि के आधार पर उसकी विशेषताओं को धारण करने लगता हैं। यह सीखने की प्रक्रिया मुख्यतः 3 से 7 वर्ष तक अधिक सक्रिय रहती हैं। इसमें छात्र क्रिया करने की जगह देख कर सीखने की ओर प्रेरित होता हैं। 

उदाहरण इस आयु में छात्रों को किसी वस्तु को याद कराने के लिए उस वस्तु का चित्र दिखाना पड़ता हैं। जैसे- पतंग,सेब,जहाज आदि। 

3. Symbolic – इसके अंतर्गत छात्र किसी ऑडियो वीडियो या किसी वस्तु को किसी संकेत के रूप में उसकी पहचान करने लगता है। इसमें छात्र भाषा के संकेतों को आधार बनाकर किसी वस्तु को सीखने लगते हैं। 

उदाहरण बच्चे से अगर कहा जाए शेर तो वह उसका चित्र अपने मस्तिष्क में देख कर उसे अनुभव कर उससे संबंधित विचारों को ग्रहण करने लगते हैं। इसमें छात्रों को व्याख्यान करके आसानी से सिखाया जा सकता हैं। 

ब्रूनर के संज्ञामात्मक विकास के सिद्धान्त की विशेषता |Features of Bruner Theory 

ब्रूनर एक मनोवैज्ञानिक थे। जिन्होंने छात्रों के अधिगम संबंधित सूत्रों का विकास किया। उनके छात्रों के अधिगम में कुछ विशेष विचारों को व्यक्त किया। जिन्हें हम इसकी विशेषताओं के रूप में इस प्रकार से समझ सकते हैं- 

● ब्रूनर अपने इस सिद्धांत के माध्यम से छात्रों के पूर्वज्ञान को भी महत्वपूर्ण स्थान देते हैं। इनके अनुसार छात्र का संज्ञामात्मक विकास क्रमबद्ध (Sequence) आधारित होता हैं। 

● ब्रूनर सीखने के लिए पुनर्बलन सिद्धान्त (Reinforcement) पर भी बल देते हैं। जैसे- पुरस्कार और दंड आदि। 

● इसके अनुसार छात्र अपनी स्वभाविक क्रियाओं और विकास के माध्यम से वस्तुओं को सीखने और समझने लगते हैं। 

● इस सिद्धांत के अनुसार छात्र स्वयं अपने ज्ञान का उपयोग कर किसी वस्तु को समझने का प्रयास करते हैं। जिस कारण ब्रूनर के इस सिद्धांत को खोज सिद्धान्त (Discovery Learning) भी कहा जाता हैं। 

● इनके अनुसार छात्रों को ज्ञात से अज्ञात की ओर ले जाकर किसी प्रकरण का अधिगम (Learning) कराना चाहिए। 

ब्रूनर के सिद्धांत की उपयोगिता |Importance of Bruner Theory

ब्रूनर का सिद्धांत छात्रों के पूर्व ज्ञान को महत्वपूर्ण स्थान देता हैं। जिस कारण शिक्षा में वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांतो के विचारों को भी महत्ता दी जाती हैं। यह छात्रों के Logical Thinking का विकास करता है। 

इसके आधार पर छात्रो की स्मरण शक्ति और कल्पना शक्ति का विकास होता हैं। यह छात्रों को स्वयं से क्रिया कर किसी निष्कर्ष में पहुँचने के अवसर प्रदान करता हैं। जिससे छात्रो में Creativity Skills का विकास होता हैं। 

शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में इस सिद्धांत को सम्मिलित करना। इसकी महत्ता को दर्शाता हैं। ब्रूनर के इन विचारों को शिक्षा जगत में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान दिया जाता हैं। सीखने का यह मनोवैज्ञानिक सिद्धान्त वर्तमान आधुनिक शिक्षण-अधिगम प्रक्रिया को प्रभावशाली बनाने का एक उत्तम मार्ग है। 

Burner Theory और Vygotsky Theory

ब्रूनर और वाइगोत्स्की (Vygotsky Theory) दोनों ही अधिगम हेतु सामाजिक वातारवण को आवश्यक मानते हैं। दोनों ही विचारक अनुकरण के सिद्धांत पर बल देते हैं। इनके अनुसार छात्र अन्य व्यक्तियों की क्रियाओं को देख उनसे अनुभव और ज्ञान प्राप्त करने का कार्य करते हैं। 

दोनों ही मचान अधिगम विचारों को स्वीकार करते हैं। जिनके अनुसार छात्र सदैव किसी की सहायता से किसी ज्ञान को ग्रहण करता हैं। इनके अनुसार छात्र प्राकृतिक रूप से ज्ञान प्राप्त करने में समर्थ होते हैं। किन्तु उन्हें उचित दिशा-निर्देशों की आवश्यकता होती हैं। जिनको आधार बना कर छात्र अधिगम की क्रिया को पूर्ण करता है। 

ब्रूनर (Bruner Theory) और वाइगोत्स्की सिद्धान्त में कई हद तक समानताएं देखने को मिलती हैं। दोनों की छात्रो के शिक्षण हेतु प्राकृतिक वातावरण को मुख्य स्थान देते हैं। 

निष्कर्ष |Conclusion

ब्रूनर का सिद्धांत छात्रों को क्रमबद्ध रूप से अध्ययन कराने पर बल देता हैं। जिस कारण इनके विचारों को वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण से भी देखा जा सकता हैं। इनके मनोवैज्ञानिक विचारों को शिक्षण-अधिगम प्रक्रिया में अपनाया जाता है और इनका अधिगम हेतु उपयोग किया जाता हैं। 

तो दोस्तों आज आपने हमारी इस पोस्ट के माध्यम से जाना कि ब्रूनर का संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धांत क्या हैं? (Bruner Theory in Hindi) अगर इस पोस्ट से संबंधित आपके कोई प्रश्न हो तो आप हमसे जरूर शेयर कर सकते हैं। हम पूरा प्रयास करेंगे कि आपकी समस्याओं का समाधान कर सकें।

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