जीवाश्म ईंधन से हमारा अभिप्राय उस प्राकृतिक ईंधन से है जिसका निर्माण आज से लगभग 6.5 करोड़ वर्ष पूर्व विभिन्न जीवन-जंतुओं तथा वनस्पति के भूमि के नीचे दब जाने के कारण हुआ है। ये विभिन्न जीव-जन्तु तथा वनस्पतियों कालांतर में पृथ्वी के भूगर्भ में दबने से पड़ने वाले दाव तथा अत्यधिक ताप की वजह से गल-सड गए और अपनी भौतिक और रासायनिक संरचना में परिवर्तन के फलस्वरूप नई प्रकार के कार्बनिक तत्वों के रूप में विकसित हुए। जीवाश्म ईंधन में प्रमुख स्थान कोयला, पेट्रोलियम और प्राकृतिक गैस का है।
कोयला (Coal)
कोयला एक ठोस कार्बनिक पदार्थ है, जो ईंधन के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाने वाला सबसे प्रमुख ऊर्जा संसाधन है। पहले कोयले का प्रयोग केवल घरेलू आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति तक ही सीमित था, लेकिन जैसे ही 18वीं शताब्दी के अंतिम दशकों में भाप के इंजन का आविष्कार हुआ कोयले के उपयोग में क्रांतिकारी वृद्धि देखने को मिली। फलस्वरूप कोयला अब प्रमुख ऊर्जा का साधन बन गया था, जिसका प्रयोग समय के साथ-साथ जलयानों, कारखानों, तथा रेलगाड़ियों को चलाने में होने लगा।
कोयले का निर्माण बहुत से विद्वानों का मत है कि वर्तमान में पाया जाने वाला कोयला प्राचीन वनस्पतियों का ही एक परिवर्तित स्वरूप है। कोयले का निर्माण अनुमानतः कार्बोनिफेरस युग में लगभग 30 करोड़ वर्ष पूर्व हुआ था। इस युग में अति उष्ण तथा आर्द्र जलवायु के परिणामस्वरूप पृथ्वी के विस्तृत भागों पर दलदलों तथा सघन सदाहरित वनों का विकास हुआ। कालांतर में पृथ्वी की आंतरिक उथल-पुथल के परिणामस्वरूप ये वन पृथ्वी में दब गए, जिससे पृथ्वी के आंतरिक ताप और दाब की वजह से ये वनस्पतिया कोयले में परिवर्तित हो गई। इस आंतरिक उथल-पुथल के परिणामस्वरूप ही कोयला विभिन्न परतों में तथा कार्बन की अलग-अलग मात्रा के रूप में पाया जाता है।
1 एंथ्रेसाइट कोयला
2 बिटुमिनस कोयला
3 लिग्नाइट कोयला
4 पिट कोयला
पैट्रोलियम
पेट्रोलियम धरातल के नीचे स्थित अवसादी परतों के बीच पाया जाने वाला संतृप्त हाइड्रोकार्बनों का काले भूरे रंग का तैलीय द्रव है, जिसका प्रयोग वर्तमान में ईंधन के रूप में किया जाता है। पेट्रोलियम का निर्माण भी कोयले की तरह वनस्पतियों के पृथ्वी के नीचे दबने तथा कालांतर में उनके ऊपर उच्च दाब तथा ताप के कारण हुआ। प्राकृतिक रूप से पाए जाने वाले पेट्रोलियम को अपरिष्कृत तेल (Crude Oil) कहते हैं जो काले भूरे रंग का गाढ़ा द्रव होता है।
पेट्रोलियम के प्रभाजी आसवन के द्वारा पैट्रोलियम के अन्य उत्पाद जैसे केरोसिन, पेट्रोल, डीजल, प्राकृतिक गैस, वेसलीन, तारकोल, ल्यूब्रिकेंट तेल इत्यादि प्राप्त होते हैं। ‘पेट्रोलियम’ शब्द की उत्पत्ति पेट्रा (Petra) अर्थात बट्टान और (जोलियम’ (Oleum) अर्थात तेल (Petra + Oleum = Petroleum) से मिलकर हुई है, इसलिए इसे ‘बहानी तेल’ या रॉक ऑयल कहा जाता है। वर्तमान में पेट्रोलियम के ऊर्जा के स्रोत के रूप में महत्त्व के कारण, इसे ‘काला सीना’ (Black Gold) भी कहा जाता है। विश्व में सबसे पहले पेट्रोलियम कुएं की खुदाई संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के पेंसिलवेनिया राज्य के ‘टाइटसविले’ नामक स्थान पर की गई थी।
भारत में सबसे पहला पेट्रोलियम कुंजा आसाम के डिगबोई में खोदा गया तथा 1901 में डिगबोई में ही तेल शोधनशाला की शुरुआत की गई।भारत में 2014-15 तक कच्चे तेल का उत्पादन ONGC, OIL और निजी संयुक्त उद्यम (Joint Venture) कंपनियों द्वारा 28.171 मिलियन मिट्रिक टन है। कच्चे तेल का लगभग 68.5% ONGL और OIL द्वारा नामांकन व्यवस्था द्वारा तथा शेष 31.55 कच्चे तेल का उत्पादन PSC (Public Sector Companies) से निजी/ JV (Joint Venture) कम्पनियों के द्वारा किया जाता है।
2014-15 में, ऑफशोर कच्चे तेल के उत्पादन का हिस्सा लगभग 50.2% था। शेष कच्चे तेल का उत्पादन 6 प्रमुख तेल का उत्पादक राज्यों आंध्रप्रदेश (0.79), अरुणाचल प्रदेश (0.2%) असम (12.1%), गुजरात (12.5%), राजस्थान (23.7%) और तमिलनाडु (0.69%) में हुआ था।
द्रवित पेट्रोलियम गैस
द्रवित पेट्रोलियम गैस (Liquefied petroleum gas/ LPG) को रसोई गैस के रूप में अधिक जाना जाता है। यह वस्तुतः कई हाइड्रोकार्बन गैसों का मिश्रण है। यह घरों में खाना पकाने, गरम करने वाले उपकरणों एवं कुछ वाहनों में ईंधन के रूप में प्रयुक्त होती है। आजकल यह एक शीतलक (रेफ्रिजिरेन्ट) के रूप में क्लोरोफ्लोरो कार्बन के स्थान पर क्रमश अधिकाधिक प्रयुक्त होने लगी है, क्योंकि इसके प्रयोग से ओजोन परत को कोई नुकसान नहीं होता। द्रवित पेट्रोलियम गैस प्रोपेन /ब्यूटेन का मिश्रण है। जिसको सामान्य परिवेशी तापमान और संतुलित दबाव के अंतर्गत द्रवित किया जाता है। यह एक सुरक्षित, स्वच्छ ज्वलनशील, विश्वसनीय और उच्च ऊष्मीय (कैलोरिफिकवैल्यू) मूल्य का इंधन है। घरेलू ईंधन होने के साथ-साथ इसको व्यापक रूप से उन उद्योगों में भी प्रयोग में लाया जाता है जहाँ कम मात्रा में गंधक वाले ईंधनों और सूक्ष्म तापमान नियंत्रण की आवश्यकता होती है। प्रोपेन की रासायनिक संरचना CH38 और ब्यूटेन की रासायनिक संरचना C4H10 हैं |
जीवाश्म इंधन के प्रभाव (Effects of Fossll Fuel)
1. पर्यावरण प्रदूषण की समस्या– पर्यावरण प्रदूषण जीवाश्म इंधन के प्रमुख नुकसानों में से एक है। यह एक तर कि जीवाश्म ईंधन के जलाने से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड गैस उत्पन्न होती है जो ग्लोबलवार्मिंग के लिए जिम्मेदार प्राथमिक से एक है। पृथ्वी के तापमान में वृद्धि के परिणामस्वरूप ध्रुवीय बर्फ में गिरावट तथा नीचे पड़ने वाले इलाकों में बाद और समुद्र के स्तर में वृद्धि हुई है। यदि ऐसी स्थितियाँ जारी रहती है, तो हमारे ग्रह पृथ्वी को निकट भविष्य में कुछ गंभीर परिणामों का सामना करना पड़ सकता है।
2. इंधन एक सीमित संसाधन हमारे ग्रह पर जीवाश्म ईंधनों का निर्माण एक लंबी और जटिल प्रक्रिया से हुआ है और इस प्रक्रिया के द्वारा जीवाश्म इंधन को बदलने में लाखों साल और विशिष्ट स्थितियों लगती हैं। इसका मतलब है कि जीवासन एक सीमित संसाधन है। एक बार इनका दोहन हो जाने के बाद, उन्हें हमारे वर्तमान ज्ञान के अनुसार अभी किसी भी व्यक्ति के जीवनकाल में प्रतिस्थापित नहीं किया जा सकता है।
3. कीमत में उतार चढ़ाव – जीवाश्म ईंधन मूल्य में उतार-चढ़ाव और बाजार में हेरफेर के लिए अत्यधिक संवेदनशील है। यह पहलू विकासशील देशों द्वारा बहुत अधिक महसूस किया जाता है जो जीवाश्म ईंधन की घरेलू आपूर्ति के लिए आयात पर निर्भर करते हैं। एक अनुमान के अनुसार, मध्य पूर्व में तेल उत्पादक देशों द्वारा भारी कीमत में उतार-चढ़ाव और मूल्य में हेरफेर की वजह से अर्थव्यवस्था 2004 और 2008 के बीच लगभग 1.9 ट्रिलियन थी। नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा प्रौद्योगिकियों में कुशलता न इन मूल्यों में उतार-चढ़ाव को कम किया है।
4. जीवाश्म इंधन के दहन से एक अम्लीय वातावरण की उत्पत्ति-प्रौद्योगिकियों के बिना जीवाश्म ईंधन के दहन से निकलने वाले कई परिणामों में एक ऐसा वातावरण उत्पन्न होता है जो अधिक अम्लीय होता है। यह अम्लता समुद्र के वातावरण को बदल सकती है, फसलों की उत्पादकता और पौष्टिक तत्वों में परिवर्तन ला सकती है, और सूखे और अकाल का उच्च जोखिम भी हरे सकती है। पृथ्वी पर कई पारिस्थितिक तंत्र बदलती स्थितियों के प्रति बहुत संवेदनशील है, जिसका अर्थ है कि जीवाश्म ईंधन के उपयोग से अप्रत्याशित और अत्यंत नकारात्मक परिणाम हो सकते हैं।
5. जीवात्म इंधन मानबीय भूल के माध्यम से पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुंचा सकता है-जीवाश्म ईंधन परिवहन के दौरान भी फैल सकता है, जिससे उत्पादन का नुकसान तो होता ही है, साथ ही पर्यावरणीय क्षति भी होती है। पेट्रोलियम उत्पाद विशेष रूप से इस समस्या से ग्रस्त है। तेल पाइपलाइन से रिसकर आसपास के इलाके में फैल सकता है जो कई अनियंत्रित पर्यावरणीय क्षति का कारण बन सकता है। यहां तक कि अगर नियमित रख-रखाव थोड़ी बहुत भी गड़बड़ी होती है, तो रिसाव उच्च जोखिम का कारण बन सकता है।
6. जीवाश्म इंधन के बड़े भंडारों की आवश्यकता-बिजली संयंत्रों को निरंतर बड़ी मात्रा में ऊर्जा का उत्पादन करने के लिए कोयले की भारी और नियमित आपूर्ति की आवश्यकता होती है। इसका मतलब है कि बिजली पैदा करने की प्रक्रिया को पूरा करने के लिए बिजली संयंत्रों को बड़ी मात्रा में कोयले की आवश्यकता होगी। क्योंकि कई देश अभी भी कोयले पर बिजली उत्पादन के लिए एक प्रमुख स्रोत के रूप में निर्भर हैं।
7. जीवाश्म ईंधन की तकनीक नहीं है- हालांकि हम जीवाश्म ईंधन को खोजने और खनन करने की तकनीक को सस्ता बना सकते हैं, ईंधन स्वयं एक तकनीक नहीं है। इसका मतलब है कि समय के साथ-साथ जीवाश्म ईंधन के भंडार कम हो जाने की वजह से इनके मूल्य में अत्यधिक वृद्धि हो सकती है। जबकि नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा संसाधन, जैसे हवा और सौर, प्रौद्योगिकी पर आधारित हैं। 1970 के दशक से इन ऊर्जा संसाधनों की कीमत में लगातार गिरावट आई है। कुछ मामलों में, सौर और पवन ऊर्जा लगभग जीवाश्म ईंधन दहन के माध्यम से बनाई गई ऊर्जा के समान मूल्य है।
8. विनाशकारी दुर्घटनाएं–और और पवन उर्जा जैसे नवीकरणीय संसाधन ऊर्जा संसाधनों के विपरीत जीवाश्म ईंधन से जुड़ी दुर्घटनाएं अत्यधिक खतरनाक है और भारी नुकसान पहुंचा सकती हैं। अनेक देशों में अपतटीय क्षेत्रों में तेल के भंडार पाए जाते है। कभी-कभी इन क्षेत्रों में कच्चे तेल में रिसाव हो जाने की वजह से जल प्रदूषण और जलीय जानवरों की मौत हो सकती है। इसके अलावा तटीय तेल रिसाव चारों ओर के वातावरण के लिए भी गंभीर रूप से विनाशकारी है। इसी तरह कई बार कोयले की खदानों में काम करने वाले मजदूर खदानों के खिसकने से उनमें दबकर मर जाते हैं।
9. मानव स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव – जीवाश्म ईंधन के दहन के परिणामस्वरूप ग्रीन हाउस गैसों और अन्य जहरीले तत्वों का उत्सर्जन होता है, जो गंभीर अस्थमा, फेफड़ों से संबंधित रोग, क्रोनिकब्रोंकाइटिस तथा हृदय से संबंधित बीमारियों के मामलों में अंततः घातक सिद्ध होता है। तेल श्रमिक अक्सर जहरीले रसायनों के संपर्क में जाते हैं, जो कैंसर के जोखिम को बढ़ा सकते हैं। इससे पता चलता है कि जीवाश्म इंधन व्यक्तिगत स्वास्थ्य के लिए खतरनाक हो सकता है।
10. जीवाश्म इंधन के लिए विदेशी निर्भरता – भारत में घरेलू खपत का केवल 5% खनिज तेल ही उत्पादित किया जाता है, शेष भाग अन्य देशों से आयात किया जा रहा है। विदेशी तेल पर यह निर्भरता भारत के लिए के लिए एक सुरक्षा खतरा है। तेल निर्यातक राष्ट्र इस राजस्व को राजनीतिक लाभ के रूप में उपयोग कर सकते हैं, जिससे देश के हितों को गंभीर खतरे में डाल दिया जा सकता है। इसलिए भारत जैसे विकासशील देश को चाहिए कि ऊर्जा के स्वच्छ स्रोतों को अपनाकर बहुमूल्य विदेशी मुद्रा की बचत के साथ-साथ प्रदूषण रहित वातावरण का निर्माण करे।
जीवाश्म ईंधन को पृथ्वी से बाहर निकलने के लिए तकनीकें प्रगति कर रही हैं, लेकिन वे हमारी माँग बढ़ने के साथ हो ऐसा करने में असमर्थ हैं। इसके अलावा, जबकि कोयला, तेल की तुलना में अधिक प्रचुर मात्रा में है, कोयले का निष्कर्षण बहुत असुरक्षित है, और बड़े पैमाने पर पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुँचा रहा है, जिससे पर्यावरण का अम्लीकरण और वन भूमि का विनाश हो रहा है। यद्यपि जीवाश्म ईंधन हमारी ऊर्जा और ईंधन की जरूरतों को पूरा करते हैं किन्तु, यदि हम जीवाश्म ईंधनों का वर्तमान गति से दोहन करते रहे तो वह निकट भविष्य में एक दिन समाप्त हो जाएंगे और जीवन उनके बिना बहुत अलग होगा। यहीं कारण है कि इन महत्त्वपूर्ण बिंदुओं पर लगातार ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता है। आज समय के अनुसार पवन ऊर्जा, सौर ऊर्जा, ज्वारीय ऊर्जा जैसे ऊर्जा के वैकल्पिक स्रोतों का विकास करने के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण समय है। जैसा कि एक महान व्यक्ति ने कहा है, संसाधन हर किसी भी जरूरत के लिए पर्याप्त है, लेकिन हर किसी के लालच के लिए पर्याप्त नहीं है।
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