विज्ञान एवं तकनीक
सैन्धव लोग तकनीकी के क्षेत्र में काफी विकसित थे। यहाँ बड़े पैमाने पर समानांतर फलकों का निर्माण, मनके बनाने की कला, ताम्र और कांस्य वस्तुएं बनाने की कला इत्यादि काफी विकसित थी। मृदभांडों की बहुत थोड़ी प्रतिशत चित्रित हैं। इसमें गाढ़ी लाल चिकनी मिट्टी पर काले रंग के ज्यामितीय पुष्पाकार और प्राकृतिक डिजाइन बनाये गये हैं। मिट्टी के बर्तन भट्ठी में पकाए जाते थे। इस तरह के भट्ठे मोहनजोदडो में 6 एवं हड़प्पा में 14 की संख्या में पाये गये हैं। सिंधु सभ्यता के लोग कांसा बनाना जानते थे। धातुओं की ढलाई का काम जानते थे। उन्हें ग्रहों एवं नक्षत्रों का ज्ञान था। सिंध में सुक्कुर एवं रोहड़ी में पत्थर के उपकरण बनाने के कारखाने के साक्ष्य मिले हैं।
कृषि और पशुपालन
सामान्यत: नवम्बर में सिंधु सभ्यता में फसल बोयी जाती थी और अप्रैल में काटी जाती थी। खेती में पत्थर एवं कांसा के औजार प्रयुक्त किये जाते थे। कालीबंगा में प्राक् हड़प्पा अवस्था के हल से जुते हुए खेत का साक्ष्य मिलता है। बनवाली में मिट्टी के बने हुए हल का एक खिलौना प्राप्त हुआ है। ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि सिन्धु सभ्यता में हल लकड़ी के बने होते थे। सर्वप्रथम कपास की खेती सिंधु सभ्यता में ही शुरू हुई। इसलिए यूनानी लोग इसे सिण्डन कहते थे। पेड़-पौधों में पीपल, खजूर, नीम, नींबू एवं केला उगाने के साक्ष्य मिलते हैं।
महत्त्वपूर्ण फसलें- गेहूँ की दो या तीन प्रजातियां प्रचलित थीं-
- ट्रिटीकम कम्पेक्टम
- ट्रिटिकम स्फेरोकम
जौ की दो प्रजातियां प्रचलित थीं-
- होरडियम वल्गैर
- हेक्सास्टिकम्
इनके अतिरिक्त राई, मटर, तिल, खजूर, सरसों, कपास, चना। रागी उत्तर भारत के किसी भी स्थल से प्राप्त नहीं होता है। चावल की खेती गुजरात और संभवत: राजस्थान में होती थी। लोथल एवं रंगपुर से मृण्मूर्ति में धान की भूसी लिपटी हुई मिली है। गुजरात के लोग हाथी पालते थे।
सिन्धु सभ्यता में कृषि के साथ पशुपालन का भी महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान था। उत्खनन में उपलब्ध बहुसंख्यक पशु-अस्थि अवशेषों, मुहरों पर अंकित पशु आकृतियों तथा मिट्टी की असंख्य पशु-मूर्तियों से पशु-पालन के संकेत मिलते हैं। उत्खनन में प्राप्त अवशेषों से पता चलता है कि इस समय लोग दूध देने वाले पशु यथा गाय, भेड़, बकरी आदि के अतिरिक्त भैस, सुअर, हाथी तथा ऊँट आदि पालते थे। पालतू पशुओं में कुबड़दार वृषभ का भी महत्त्व था। ये लोग घोडे से परिचित थे या नहीं, यह कहना कठिन है। लोथल से प्राप्त एक ऋणमयी घोड़े की आकृति से ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि ये लोग घोड़े से परिचित थे। इसी प्रकार ये लोग कुत्ता, बिल्ली तथा सुअर से भी परिचित थे।
धातु
चांदी का सर्वप्रथम उपयोग संभवत: सिंधु सभ्यता के लोगों ने ही किया। (डॉ. मजूमदार के अनुसार) सोना, तांबा, टिन, सीसा (Lead) आदि मुख्य धातु थे। धातुओं में सबसे अधिक तांबे का उपयोग किया गया है। उपकरणों में धातुओं की अपेक्षा प्रस्तर के उपकरण अधिक बनाये गए।
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