Geography

एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे क्षेत्र की ओर जनसंख्या का जाना प्रवासन कहलाता है। प्रवासन सामान्यतः दो प्रकार का होता है- स्थायी प्रवासन एवं अस्थायी प्रवासन। अस्थायी प्रवासन वार्षिक, मौसमी या दैनिक (दो शहरों के मध्य) रूप में हो सकता है। अपने मूल स्थान एवं गंतव्य के आधार पर प्रवासन के निम्नलिखित प्रकार हो सकते हैं-

ग्राम से ग्राम की ओर R→ R

ग्राम से शहर की ओर R→ U

शहर से शहर की ओर U → U

शहर से गाव  की ओर U → R

कुछ मामलों में जनसंख्या गाँव से छोटे शहर की ओर और बाद में बड़े शहर की ओर संचलन करती है। इसे क्रमिक प्रवासन कहा जा सकता है। एक शहर के विभिन्न आकर्षणों के कारण होने वाला प्रवासन आवेग कारकों के फलस्वरूप होता है। कुछ लोग अपकर्ष कारकों के प्रभाव से शहरों की ओर प्रवास करते हैं। कुछ आवेग कारक हैं- बेरोजगारी, गरीबी, सामाजिक असुरक्षा, राजनीतिक अस्थिरता, जातीय संघर्ष इत्यादि। अपकर्ष कारकों में रोजगार के बेहतर अवसर, शिक्षा, मनोरंजन, स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सुविधाएं, व्यापारिक अवसर इत्यादि को शामिल किया जा सकता है।

भारत में प्रवासन की प्रवृत्तियां

आंतरिक प्रवासन के दो प्रतिरूप अंत:राज्यीय एवं अंतरराज्यीय हो सकते हैं-

अत:राज्यीय प्रवासन राज्य की सीमाओं के भीतर ही होता है, जबकि अंतरराज्यीय प्रवासन के संदर्भ में व्यक्ति अपने राज्य की सीमा पार कर दूसरे राज्य में बस जाते हैं। वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना के अनुसार, जिन भीतरी  प्रवासियों का अंतिम निवास स्थान एवं नाम-निर्देशन ग्रामीण के रूप में गिना गया हो, वे ग्राम-से-ग्राम में वर्गीकृत किये जाते हैं। सर्वाधिक ग्रामीण आप्रवासी पश्चिम बंगाल में (20.05 लाख) हैं उसके पश्चात् उत्तर प्रदेश और मध्य प्रदेश, क्रमशः 12.50 लाख और 1.30 लाख के साथ दूसरे एवं तीसरे नम्बर पर हैं। लक्षद्वीप में न्यूनतम अप्रवासन (1226) अंकित किया गया। R→R प्रवासन या ग्रामीण टर्न ओवर प्रवासन की सबसे दृष्टव्य धारा है। वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना में 75.02 लाख R→R अप्रवासन अंकित किया गया। प्रतिशत-अनुसार, दादरा और नागर हवेली सर्वाधिक R→ R प्रवासी (81.25 प्रतिशत) इसके बाद मध्य प्रदेश में (80.75 प्रतिशत)।

1981-91 के दशक के दौरान, 19 लाख मनुष्य U→R प्रवासन के अंतर्गत वर्गीकृत किए गए। अंतप्रवाह का विशालतम प्रतिशत लक्षद्वीप में (53.92%) जबकि त्रिपुरा में न्यूनतम (2.52%) अंकित किया गया।

अवर्गीकृत ग्रामीण अप्रवासन का सर्वोच्च प्रतिशत पश्चिम बंगाल (72.61%) में पाया गया

वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना में, 2.05 करोड़ मनुष्य नगरीय अप्रवासियों के रूप में वर्गीकृत किए गए। नगरीय अप्रवासन की सर्वाधिक संख्या महाराष्ट्र में (लगभग 35 लाख) तथा तदुपरांत दिल्ली में (लगभग 23 लाख) अंकित की गई। जबकि, लक्षद्वीप में न्यूनतम, केवल 3220 अप्रवासी थे। वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना का उल्लेखनीय परिदृश्य यह था कि सभी संघशासित प्रदेशों (केवल दमन तया दीव और लक्षद्वीप को छोड़कर) में नगरीय अप्रवासी 25% से अधिक अंकित किए गए। वर्ष 1991, की जनगणना में 87 लाख U→ U प्रवासी थे।

वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना में 80.37 लाख मनुष्य ग्राम से नगर R→ Uप्रवासी अंकित किये गये। सभी दक्षिण भारतीय राज्यों और संघ शासित प्रदेशों में RàU प्रवासन 50% से अधिक पाया जाता है। इस संदर्भ में सर्वाधिक प्रवासन लक्षद्वीप में (64.25 %) तथा केरल में (61.49 %) पाया जाता है, जबकि त्रिपुरा में इसका न्यूनतम अनुपात (10.94 %) पाया जाता है।

वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना में लगभग 30 लाख अवर्गीकृत नगरीय अप्रवासन अंकित किया गया। सर्वाधिक अवर्गीकृत नगरीय प्रवासन (83.13 प्रतिशत) त्रिपुरा में तथा उसके पश्चात् पश्चिम बंगाल (47.52 %) में पाया जाता है। दमन एवं दीव (12.51 %) तथा दिल्ली (9.32%) को छोड़कर समस्त संघ शासित प्रदेशों में अवर्गीकृत शहरी प्रवासन 5 प्रतिशत से कम पाया गया।

वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना के अनुसार लगभग लगभग 20 करोड़ मनुष्य अंतराज्यीय प्रवासी थे, जिसमें से लगभग 69.33 % ग्राम-से-ग्राम प्रवासन था । नगर-से-नगर प्रवासन केवल 9.10 प्रतिशत था। शहर-से-गांव की ओर प्रवासन के मात्र 5.81 % की तुलना में गांव-से-शहर की ओर प्रवासन कुल अंत:राज्यीय प्रवासन का कुल मिलाकर 15 प्रतिशत था।

भारत में अंतरराज्यीय प्रवासन, अंतः राज्यीय प्रवासन की तुलना में कम है। वर्ष 1991 की जनगणना में मात्र लगभग 2.70 करोड़ अंतरराज्यीय प्रवासन दर्ज किया गया। अंतरराज्यीय प्रवासन में 32.83 % प्रवासन गांव-से-नगर की ओर या जबकि नगर-से-गांव की ओर प्रवासन मात्र 7.17 % था। यह तथ्य भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में शहरों के महत्व को दर्शाता है।

आंकड़ों का विश्लेषण यह स्पष्ट करता है कि भारत में लगभग 85 % अंत:राज्यीय प्रवासन गांवों से होता है जबकि अंतरराज्यीय प्रवासन के संदर्भ में गांवों से लगभग 63.1 % प्रवासन होता है।

अधिकांश अंत:राज्यीय प्रवासन केवल आर्थिक कारणों से ही नहीं होता। समस्त प्रवासियों में से लगभग तीन-चौथाई महिलाएं वैवाहिक कारणों से प्रवासित होती हैं।

अंतःराज्यों में लगभग आधे-से-अधिक पुरुष प्रवासन ग्राम-से-ग्राम की ओर होता है। यह R → R प्रवासन अधिकांशतः पिछड़े राज्यों (जैसे-उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, ओडीशा, मध्य प्रदेश तथा राजस्थान) में होता है। स्पष्टतः प्रवासी बेहतर रोजगार की तलाश में अपने मूल स्थान से दूसरे ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में जाते हैं। बाह्य-प्रवासन मुख्यतः अल्पविकसित राज्यों, जैसे- राजस्थान, उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, आंध्र प्रदेश तथा केरल से अपेक्षाकृत पिकसित राज्यों, जैसे- प. बंगाल, महाराष्ट्र, दिल्ली, चंडीगढ़ तथा अंडमान एवं निकोबार द्वीप समूह, की ओर होता है। असम एवं मध्य प्रदेश में भी लघु पैमाने पर प्रवासन देखा जाता है।

2011 के जनसंख्या आंकड़े दिखाते हैं कि दक्षिण के राज्यों- तमिलनाडु, कर्नाटक तथा आंध्र प्रदेश में आप्रवास का उल्लेखनीय अंतप्रवाह रहा।

राज्यों के बीच असमान विकास प्रवास का मुख्य कारण समझा जाता है। यह दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण है कि भारत के अधिकतर बड़े महानगर वर्तमान में भारी अंतप्रवास का सूचक बन गए हैं और शहरों में काम के बेहतर और अधिक अवसरों के कारण जनसंख्या में तीव्र वृद्धि हो रही है। उदाहरणार्थ दिल्ली जैसे शहर आप्रवासियों की बड़ी तादाद में आवक से बुरी तरह प्रभावित हैं।

भारत के शहरों पर प्रवासन का प्रभाव

भारत में गैर एवं अतिसंकुचित शहरीकरण के कारण ग्राम से महानगरों की ओर होने वाली प्रवासन ने कई गंभीर समस्याएं खड़ी कर दी हैं, जो देश के संपूर्ण शहरी पर्यावरण को तहस-नहस करती जा रही हैं। अधिकांश महानगर एक चेतावनीपूर्ण दर से वृद्धि कर रहे हैं। इन महानगरों की जनसंख्या अगले 15-20 वर्षों में दुगुनी हो जाने का अनुमान है। भारत की मलिन बस्तियों में रहने वाली जनसंख्या 15 करोड़ से ऊपर जा चुकी है। 2011 तक मुंबई की जनसंख्या ढाई करोड़ के आंकड़े को पार कर सकती है।

गरीब क्षेत्रों से शहरों की ओर होने वाला निरंतर निम्न गुणवत्तापूर्ण प्रवासन प्रवासी जनसंख्या के बीच नैतिक पतन, गरीबी, शोषण, असुरक्षा, असमानता जैसी बुराइयां पैदा कर रहा है, क्योंकि, अधिकांश प्रवासी गरीब, अशिक्षित, भूमिहीन तथा कौशलहीन होते हैं, इसलिए वे शहरी भारत की पूंजी-गहन उत्पादन प्रणाली के अंतर्गत रोजगार प्राप्त करने में असफल रहते हैं। इन अकुशल प्रवासियों का असंगठित क्षेत्रों द्वारा शोषण किया जाता है, जहां निम्न उत्पादकता, प्रतिस्पर्द्धा, निम्न वेतन तथा असुरक्षा जैसे लक्षण विद्यमान रहते हैं।

यद्यपि ऐसा प्रवासन गरीब लोगों को भूखों मरने से बचाता है, तथापि, यह मानव संसाधन एवं राष्ट्रीय क्षमता की व्यापक क्षति का कारण भी बनता है। परिणामस्वरूप भारत के प्रमुख शहर जनसंख्या की दृष्टि से वृद्धि हासिल कर रहे हैं, समृद्धि की दृष्टि से नहीं। भारतीय महानगर शहरी संस्कृति एवं शहरी कार्यात्मक विशेषताओं से अछूते भीड़ भरे गांव प्रतीत होते हैं।

पिछले कुछ दशकों में आवास की कमी तथा मूलभूत सेवाओं में निरंतर बिगड़ाव की समस्याएं उभरकर आयी हैं, जिसका कारण मूलभूत शहरी सुविधाओं पर जनसंख्या का भारी दबाव होना है। प्रवासन जनित समस्याओं का निदान देश में जनसंख्या नियंत्रण एवं संतुलित आर्थिक विकास के प्रोत्साहन द्वारा ही संभव है। वर्तमान में यह परमावश्यक है कि सरकार, स्वयंसेवी संस्थाएं, विद्जन, नियोजनकर्ता, नीति निर्माता एवं प्रशासक स्थिति से निबटने हेतु सुविचारित कार्य योजना बनायें एवं सहयोगपूर्वक उसका क्रियान्वयन करें

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  • विज्ञान से सम्बन्धित टॉप महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर

     

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  • 24 अगस्त की इतिहास की कुछ महत्वपूर्ण घटनाएं||

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -047 ||

     

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  • 23 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 22 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 21 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

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  • 20 अगस्त की इतिहास की कुछ महत्वपूर्ण घटनाएं||

     

  • 20 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • बौद्ध धर्म|| बौद्ध धर्म की सारी महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

     

  • कंप्यूटर से सम्बन्धित टॉप महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तर-01

     

  • भारत की प्रमुख झीलें|| General Knowledge list of lakes of india

     

  • हरियाणा बजट 2022-23 मुख्य विशेषताएं

     

  • 19 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 19 अगस्त की इतिहास की कुछ महत्वपूर्ण घटनाएं||

     

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  • 16 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

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  • सोनीपत जिला || Haryana Sonipat District|| 12

     

  • मनुष्य का रुधिर परिसंचरण तंत्र||

     

  • विश्व की प्रमुख नदियां || हिंदी में UPSC

     

  • 14 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • Daliy Current Affairs ||13 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -045 || Mix Questions ||Crack Exam at first attempt.

     

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  • Animal Husbandry in India|| भारत में पशुपालन

     

  • करनाल जिला || Haryana Karnal District|| 10

     

  • यमुनानगर जिला ||यमुनानगर की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 09

     

  • 05 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • पंचकुला की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 08

     

  • 04 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • भारतीय संविधान के निर्माण से सम्बन्धित कुछ महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

     

  • अम्बाला की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 07

     

  • 03 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • कुरुक्षेत्र जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 06

     

  • 01 August 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • कैथल जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 05

     

  • 31 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • जींद जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 04

     

  • 30 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • हिसार जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 3

     

  • 29 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • फतेहाबाद जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 2

     

  • 18 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 19 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • Sirsa जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे || 1

     

  • भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के कुछ प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व परीक्षा की दृष्टी से महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST – 038|| Haryana GK ||

     

  • भारत के राष्ट्रीय प्रतीक एवं चिन्ह परीक्षा की दृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

     

  • 04 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 03 July 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -37 || FULL TEST WITH 90 QUESTIONS ||

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -036 ||{ 50 QUESTIONS}

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -35 || FULL TEST WITH 50 QUESTIONS ||

     

  • HSSC CET Mocktest – 34 || Full Test of 50 Questions ||

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -33

     

  • भारत के किस राज्य में कितनी तहसील यह से देखे पूरी जानकारी ||

     

  • 21 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 20 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 19 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST-32||

     

  • 17 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -031||

     

  • 16 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • विश्व के प्रमुख जलवायु प्रदेश || REET/CTET/HTET/CET के लिए अति महत्वपूर्ण ||

     

  • 15 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 14 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 12 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • कैसे बने एलोन मस्क दुनियां के सबसे अमीर इंसान जाने उनके successfull होने का परिश्रम ||

     

  • 11 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 10 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 09 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • 08 June 2022 Current Affairs

     

  • HSSC CET MOCKTEST -030 ||

     

  • 07 June 2022 Current Affairs

     


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