मौर्य कौन थे ?

  • स्पूनर के अनुसार मौर्य पारसिक थे क्योंकि अनेक मौर्यकालीन प्रथाएं पार्थिक प्रथाओं से मिलती-जुलती हैं |
  • ब्राह्मण साहित्य, विष्णु पुराण, मुद्राराक्षस, कथासरित्सागर, बृहत्कथा मंजरी के अनुसार मौर्य शूद्र थे |
  • बौद्ध परंपराओं के अनुसार मौर्य क्षत्रिय थे तथा गोरखपुर क्षेत्र के निवासी थे | 
  • ग्रीक लेखक जस्टिन तथा जैन परंपरा के अनुसार चंद्रगुप्त निम्न जाति का था |
  • महावंश टीका के अनुसार वह क्षत्रिय था |
  • चाणक्य के अर्थशास्त्र में एक स्थान पर लिखा है कि वह शूद्र नंद वंश का विनाश करना चाहता था, अतः वह स्वयं क्षुद्र को शासक नहीं बना सकता था अतः वह मोरेय नामक क्षत्रिय था |

मौर्य वंश के इतिहास के स्रोत

  •  कौटिल्य का अर्थशास्त्र
  •  विशाखदत्त मुद्राराक्षस
  •  अभिलेख
  •  ब्राह्मण साहित्य
  •  जैन साहित्य
  •  बौद्ध साहित्य
  •  कलावशेष
  •  यूनानी लेखकों के वृतांत 

मौर्य वंश का इतिहास

  • मौर्य राजवंश (३२२-१८५ ईसा पूर्व) प्राचीन भारत का एक शक्तिशाली राजवंश था।
  • यह साम्राज्य पूर्व में मगध राज्य में गंगा नदी के मैदानों (आज का बिहार एवं बंगाल) से शुरु हुआ।
  • इसकी राजधानी पाटलिपुत्र (आज के पटना शहर के पास) थी।
  • चक्रवर्ती सम्राट अशोक के राज्य में मौर्य वंश का वृहद स्तर पर विस्तार हुआ।

मौर्य वंश का शासन भारत में 137 वर्षों (321-187) तक रहा। इन वर्षों में कई शासक हए, जिनमें निम्न तीन सम्राटों का शासनकाल उल्लेखनीय रहा 

  • चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य-ई०पू० 321-300 
  • बिंदुसार-ई०पू० 300-273
  • अशोक-ई०पू० 269-236

अन्य शासक

  • कुणाल – 232-228 ईसा पूर्व (4 वर्ष)
  • दशरथ –228-224 ईसा पूर्व (4 वर्ष)
  • सम्प्रति – 224-215 ईसा पूर्व (9 वर्ष)
  • शालिसुक –215-202 ईसा पूर्व (13 वर्ष)
  • देववर्मन– 202-195 ईसा पूर्व (7 वर्ष)
  • शतधन्वन् – 195-187 ईसा पूर्व (8 वर्ष)
  • बृहद्रथ 187-185 ईसा पूर्व (2 वर्ष)

चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य

  • चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य को साम्राज्य की स्थापना करने में आचार्य विष्णु गुप्त यानी चाणक्य का पूरा सहयोग मिला,  
  • चंद्रगुप्त का जन्म ईसा पूर्व 345 में शाक्यों के पिप्पलिवन गणराज्य की मोरिय शाखा में हुआ था |
  • चंद्र अंतिम शासक धनानंद का विनाश करने के बाद ईसा पूर्व 321 में मगध का सम्राट बना
  • यूनानी लेखक जस्टिनियन एवं प्लुटार्क के अनुसार चंद्रगुप्त ने 6 लाख की सेना लेकर समस्त भारत पर आक्रमण किया
  • यूनानी साहित्य में चंद्रगुप्त को साइंड्रोकोटस कहा गया है |
  • चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने दक्षिण भारत में कर्नाटक तक अपने साम्राज्य का विस्तार किया
  • मालवा एवं सौरास्ट्र चंद्रगुप्त के साम्राज्य के हिस्से थे 
  • उपर्युक्त तथ्य रुद्रदामन का जूनागढ़ अभिलेख से मिलता है इसके अनुसार चंद्रगुप्त ने उसे पुष्यगुप्त नामक व्यक्ति को सूबेदार बनाया था और वहां सिंचाई के लिए सुदर्शन झील का निर्माण कराया था 
  • ईसा पूर्व 305 में चंद्रगुप्त की भिड़ंत सिकंदर के सेनापति सैल्यूकस जिसमें चन्द्रगुप्त विजयी रहा ! 
  • ई०पू० 305 में चंद्रगुप्त की भिड़त सिकंदर इस पुस्तक में निरंकुश राज्य (Autocracy) का के एक सेनापति सेल्युकस निकोटर से हुई विवरण विस्तार से तथा लिच्छवी जैसे गणतंत्रों जिसमें चंद्रगुप्त की सेना विजयी रही। (Republics) का संक्षेप में दिया गया है।
  • सेल्यूकस ने संधि कर ली और अपनी बेटी कार्नेलिया (कहीं कहीं हेलेन भी नाम मिलता है) की शादी चन्द्रगुप्त के साथ कर दी और साथ में 500 हाथी भी दिये !
  • दोनों ही पक्षों ने दूतों का विनिमय भी किया। इसी के तहत सेल्युकस ने मेगास्थनीज को दूत बनाकर चंद्रगुप्त के दरबार में भेजा। । 
  • मेगास्थनीज काफी दिनों तक पाटलिपुत्र में रहा तथा उसने अपना आँखों देखा विवरण अपनी पुस्तक इंडिका में लिखा। 
  • सेल्युकस एवं चंद्रगुप्त के बीच हुए युद्ध का विवरण एप्पियस नामक यूनानी व्यक्ति ने किया है।
  • चन्द्रगुप्त ने बाद में जैन धर्म स्वीकार कर लिया तथा भद्रबाहु से इस धर्म में दीक्षा ली। 

चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य की विजय

  • पंजाब विजय
  •  मगध विजय
  •  मलयकेतु के विद्रोह का दमन
  •  सेल्यूकस पर विजय
  •  पश्चिमी भारत पर विजय
  •  दक्षिण भारत की विजय

साम्राज्य विस्तार

  • चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने एक विस्तृत राज्य की स्थापना की थी |
  • उसने उत्तर में हिमालय से लेकर दक्षिण में मैसूर पूर्व में बंगाल से लेकर उत्तर पश्चिम में हिंदुकुश पर्वत तथा पश्चिम में अरब सागर तक अपने साम्राज्य का विस्तार किया 
  • पाटलिपुत्र उसकी राजधानी थी

चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य के अंतिम दिन

  •  बौद्ध साहित्य के अनुसार मौर्य वंश के संस्थापक चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने लगभग 24 वर्ष तक सफलतापूर्वक शासन किया | 
  • जैन साहित्य के अनुसार अपने जीवन के अंतिम दिनों में चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने राजकाज अपने पुत्र को सौंप दिया और जैन धर्म स्वीकार कर जैन भिक्षु भद्रबाहु के साथ मैसूर चला गया
  • सन्यासियों का जीवन व्यतीत करते हुए चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य ने ई०पू० 300 में अनशन व्रत करके कर्नाटक के श्रवणवेलगोला में अपने शरीर का त्याग कर दिया। 

बिन्दुसार

  • ई०पू० 300 में बिंदुसार मगध की गद्दी पर बैठा। यूनानी इतिहासकारों ने बिंदुसार को अपनी रचनाओं में अमित्रोकेट्स की संज्ञा दी है, जिसका अर्थ होता है शत्रु का विनाशक। 
  • बिंदुसार आजीवक धर्म को मानता था। 
  • बिंदुसार के लिए वायुपुराण में भद्रसार नामक शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया है 
  • बिंदुसार को जैनग्रंथों में सिंहसेन की संज्ञा दी गई है। 
  • तिब्बती इतिहासकार लामा तारानाथ के अनुसार चाणक्य ने बिंदुसार की, 16 नगरों के सामंतों एवं राजाओं का नाश करने के लिए पूर्वी एवं पश्चिमी समुद्रों के बीच मौजूद प्रदेश को जीतने में, सहायता की। 
  • बिंदुसार के शासनकाल में तक्षशिला में विद्रोह हुआ। उसका पुत्र एवं तक्षशिला का सूबेदार सुसीम विद्रोह को दबाने में असफल रहा। 
  • सुसीम के असफल रहने के पश्चात् उज्जैन के तत्कालीन सूबेदार अशोक को तक्षशिला का विद्रोह दबाने के लिए भेजा गया। उसने सफलतापूर्वक विद्रोह को दबा दिया।
  • अपने उल्लेख में एथिनियस ने जानकारी दी कि बिन्दुसार ने सीरिया के शासक एप्तियोकस से मदिरा (शराब), सूखे अंजीर और एक दार्शनिक भेजने का आग्रह किया था !

अशोक

  • बिंदुसार की मृत्यु के 4 वर्ष बाद ई०पू० 269 में अशोक मगध की गद्दी पर बैठा। 
  • अशोक की तुलना डेविड एवं सोलमान (इस्रायल) तथा मार्कस ओरलियस एवं शार्लमा (रोम) जैसे विश्व के महान सम्राटों से की जाती है।  
  • दिव्यदान के अनुसार अशोक की माता का नाम जनपदकल्याणी था। कहीं-कहीं उसका नाम सुभद्रांगी भी आता है। अशोक का सौतेला भाई सुशीम एवं सहोदर भाई विगताशोक था। 
  • तक्षशिला का विद्रोह सफलतापूर्वक दबाने के कारण बिंदुसार ने अशोक को युवराज का पद प्रदान किया। सम्राट बनने से पूर्व अशोक उज्जैन का सूबेदार था। 
  • सिंहासनारूढ़ होते समय अशोक ने ‘देवानामप्रिय’ तथा ‘प्रियदर्शी’ जैसी उपाधियाँ धारण की। 
  • पुराणों में अशोक को अशोकवर्द्धन कहा गया है।
  • अशोक के 13वें शिलालेख से हमें ज्ञात होता है अशोक ने अपने शासन के ‘9वें’ वर्ष में कलिंग पर आक्रमण किया एवं राजधानी तोसाली में अपना एक सूबेदार नियुक्त किया। 
  • कलिंग युद्ध में 2.5 लाख व्यक्ति मारे गये एवं इतने ही घायल हुए। 
  • कलिंग युद्ध ने अशोक का हृदय परिवर्तन कर दिया तथा चौथे शिलालेख के अनुसार भेरीघोष के स्थान पर उसने धम्मघोष करने की घोषणा की। 
  • अशोक ने बौद्ध धर्म स्वीकार कर लिया एवं उपगुप्त नामक आचार्य से इसकी दीक्षा ली।  
  • अशोक ने बाराबर की पहाड़ियों में आजीवकों के लिए चार गुफाओं कर्ज, चोपार, सुदामा तथा विश्व-झोंपड़ी आदि का निर्माण कराया। 
  • बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार के लिए पुत्र महेन्द्र एवं पुत्री संघमित्रा को अशोक द्वारा श्रीलंका भेजा गया। अशोक ने अपने द्वारा किये गये मात्र दो आक्रमणों में पहला आक्रमण कश्मीर पर किया। 
  • कश्मीर के ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथ राजतरंगिणी में अशोक को मौर्य देश का प्रथम सम्राट बताया गया है। प्रथम कलिंग शिला अभिलेख के अनुसार अशोक सीमांत जातियों के प्रति नरम रुख रखता था। 
  • 13वें शिलालेख के अनुसार अशोक ने यवन शासकों एंटियोकस-II (सीरिया), टॉलेमी-II (मिस्र), ऐंटिगोनस गोनाटस (मकदूनिया), मरास (साइरिन) एवं एलेक्जेंडर से मित्रतापूर्ण संबंध कायम किये एवं उनके दरबार में अपने दूत भेजे। 
  • इसी प्रकार दक्षिण भारत में अशोक के दूत धर्म के प्रचार के लिए चोल, पांड्य, सतियपुत्र,
  • केरलपुत्र एवं ताम्रपोर्ण आदि राज्यों में भी गये। 
  • अशोक ने बौद्ध धर्म को राजधर्म घोषित किया तथा एक धर्म विभाग की स्थापना की

अशोक के चौदह वृहद शिलालेख 

पहला पशुबलि की निंदा
दूसरा मनुष्य एवं पशुओं दोनों की चिकित्सा व्यवस्था का उल्लेख, चोल, पांडय, सतियपुत्र एवं केरल पुत्र की चर्चा |
तीसरा राजकीय अधिकारीयों (युक्तियुक्त और प्रादेशिक) को हर 5वे वर्ष द्वारा करने का आदेश |
चौथा भेरीघोष की जगह धम्म घोष की घोषणा |
पांचवाँ धम्म महामात्रों की नियुक्ति के विषय में जानकारी |
छठा धम्म महामात्र किसी भी समय राजा के पास सूचना ला सकता है, प्रतिवेदक की चर्चा |
सांतवाँ सभी संप्रदायों के लिए सहिष्णुता की बात |
आठवाँ सम्राट की धर्म यात्रा का उल्लेख, बोधिवृक्ष के भ्रमण का उल्लेख |
नौवाँ विभिन्न प्रकार के समारोहों की निंदा |
दसवाँ ख्याति एवं गौरव की निंदा तथा धम्म नीति की श्रेष्ठता पर बल |
ग्यारहवाँ धम्म नीति की व्याख्या |
बारहवाँ सर्वधर्म समभाव एवं स्त्री महामात्र की चर्चा |
तेरहवाँ कलिंग के युद्ध का वर्णन, पड़ोसी राज्यों का वर्णन, अपराध करने वाले आटविक जातियों का उल्लेख |
चौदहवाँ इसमें अशोक द्वारा जनता को धार्मिक जीवन जीने की प्रेरणा दी गयी है !
  • अशोक का कौशांबी अभिलेख रानी अभिलेख भी कहलाता है। 
  • अशोक का सबसे छोटा ‘स्तंभ-लेख’ रुमिन्देयी से प्राप्त हुआ है। 
  • अशोक के 12वें शिलालेख से जानकारी होती है कि उसने महिला महामात्रों की भी नियुक्ति की।
  • अशोक के 7 स्तंभ-लेखों का संकलन बाह्मी लिपि में किया गया है। 
  • अशोक का प्रयाग स्तंभ-लेख पहले कौशांबी में स्थित था। बाद में अकबर ने इसे ‘इलाबाद के
  • किले में स्थापित करवाया। 
  • अशोक का दिल्ली-टोपरास्तंभ लेख टोपरा से दिल्ली लाने वाला शासक फिरोज तुगलक था। 
  • अशोक के दिल्ली-मेरठ स्तंभ लेख की खोज 1750 ई० में टीफेन्थलर द्वारा की गई तथा फिरोज
  • तुगलक द्वारा इसे दिल्ली लाया गया।
  • चंपारण (बिहार) में स्थित रामपुरवा स्तंभ लेख 1872 ई० में कार्लायल द्वारा खोजा गया। 
  • चंपारण में ही लौरिया-अरेराज एवं लौरिया-नन्दनगढ़ स्तंभ लेख भी प्राप्त हुए हैं। 
  • लौरिया-नंदनगढ़ स्तंभ पर मोर का चित्र बना हुआ है।  
  • शार-ए-कुन्हा (कंधार) से प्राप्त अशोक के अभिलेख ग्रीक एवं अरामाइक भाषाओं में उत्कीर्ण हैं।
  • मेगास्थनीज द्वारा लिखी गयी पुस्तक इंडिका में मौर्यकालीन समाज को साथ जातियों में बंटा हुआ बताया गया है वो हैं – दार्शनिक, किसान, सैनिक, ग्वाले, शिल्पी, दंडनायक, और पार्षद
  • वर्ण-व्यवस्था तत्कालीन समाज में भी प्रचलित थी। समाज में शिल्पियों (चाहे वह किसी भी जाति का हो) का स्थान महत्वपूर्ण एवं आदरणीय था। ।
  • इस काल में तक्षशिला, उज्जैन एवं वाराणसी शिक्षा के प्रमुख केंद्र थे।
  • तकनीकी शिक्षा आमतौर पर श्रेणियों (गिल्डों) के माध्यम से दी जाती थी।
  • मौर्यकालीन समाज में वैदिक धर्म ही प्रमुख धर्म था। मौर्यकाल में जैन एवं बौद्ध धर्मों का भी पर्याप्त विकास हुआ। मेगास्थनीज, स्ट्रैबो, एरियन आदि विद्वानों के अनुसार मौर्य काल में समस्त भूमि राजा की थी।
  • सरकारी भूमि को सीता कहा जाता था।
  • कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र में तीन प्रकार की भूमि-कृष्ट भूमि (जूती हुई), उत्कृष्ट भूमि (बिना जुती हुई) एवं स्थल भूमि (ऊँची भूमि) थी। 
  • मौर्यकाल में नि:शुल्क श्रम एवं बेगार किये| जाने का उल्लेख है। इसे विष्टि कहा जाता था। बलि एक प्रकार का धार्मिक कर था जब कि भू-राजस्व में राजा के हिस्से को भाग कहा जाता था।
  • भू-राजस्व की दर कुल उपज का 1/6 हिस्से से 1/8 हिस्से तक थी।
  • भू-स्वामी को क्षेत्रक एवं काश्तकार को उपवास कहा जाता था।
  • मौर्यकाल में सिंचाई के समुचित प्रबंध को सेतुबंध कहा जाता था।
  • सिंचित भूमि में कुल उपज का 1/2 हिस्सा भू-राजस्व के रूप में देना पड़ता था।
  • हिरण्य एक प्रकार का कर था जो अनाज के रूप में न लेकर नकद के रूप लिया जाता था। 
  • मौर्यकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि के अतिरिक्त पशुपालन एवं व्यापार पर टिकी थी। इन तीनों को अर्थशास्त्र में सम्मिलित रूप से वार्ता कहा गया है।

अर्थशास्त्र में वर्णित अध्यक्ष 

1 पण्याध्यक्ष वाणिज्य विभाग का अध्यक्ष
2 सुराध्यक्ष आबकारी विभाग का अध्यक्ष
3 सूनाध्यक्ष बूचड़खाने का अध्यक्ष
4 गणिकाध्यक्ष गणिकाओं का अध्यक्ष
5 सीताध्यक्ष राजकीय कृषि विभाग का अध्यक्ष
6 अकराध्यक्ष खान विभाग का अध्यक्ष
7 कोस्टगाराध्यक्ष कोस्टगार का अध्यक्ष
8 कुप्याध्यक्ष वनों का अध्यक्ष
9 आयुधगाराध्यक्ष आयुधगार का अध्यक्ष
10 शुल्काध्यक्ष व्यापार कर वसूलने वालों का अध्यक्ष
11 सूत्राध्यक्ष कताई बुनाई विभाग का अध्यक्ष
12 लोहाध्यक्ष धातु विभाग का अध्यक्ष
13 लक्षणाध्यक्ष छापेखाने का अध्यक्ष, राज्य में मुद्रा जारी करने का प्रमुख अधिकारी
14 गो – अध्यक्ष पशुधन विभाग का अध्यक्ष
15 विविताध्यक्ष चरागाहों का अध्यक्ष | इसके अन्य कार्य कुओं का निर्माण, जलाशय का निर्माण जंगल से गुजरने वाले लोगों की रक्षा आदि थी
16 मुद्राध्यक्ष पासपोर्ट विभाग का अध्यक्ष
17 नवाध्यक्ष जहाजरानी विभाग का अध्यक्ष
18 पतनाध्यक्ष बंदरगाहों का अध्यक्ष
19 संस्थाध्यक्ष व्यापारिक मार्गो का अध्यक्ष
20 देवताध्यक्ष धार्मिक संस्थाओं का अध्यक्ष
21 पौताध्यक्ष माप तोल का अध्यक्ष
22 मानाध्यक्ष दूरी और समय से संबंधित साधनों को नियंत्रित करने वाला अध्यक्ष
23 अश्वाध्यक्ष घोड़ों का अध्यक्ष
24 हस्त्याध्यक्ष हाथियों का अध्यक्ष
25 सुवर्णाध्यक्ष सोने का अध्यक्ष
26 अक्षपातलाध्यक्ष महालेखाकार
  • मौर्यकाल में वनों को ‘हस्ति वन’ एवं ‘द्रव्य वन’ में विभाजित किया गया था।
  • हस्ति वनों में ‘हाथी’ पाये जाते थे एवं द्रव्य वनों में लकड़ी, लोहा एवं ताँबा पाये जाते थे। जंगलों पर राज्य का अधिकार था !
  • विनिर्मित वस्तुओं को पण्याध्यक्ष के नियंत्रण में बाजारों में बेचा जाता था।
  • मौर्यकाल में मुख्य व्यवसाय जूलाहों का था, जो रूई, रेशम, सन, ऊन आदि से विभिन्न कपड़े तैयार करते थे।
  • मौर्य काल में बंगदेश में श्वेत एवं चिकना वस्त्र, पुण्ड्रदेश (आधुनिक प०बंगाल के उत्तरी हिस्से का एक इलाका) में काले व मणि की तरह चिकने वस्त्रों का निर्माण होता था।
  • इस काल में सुवर्णकुड्य देश के बने हुए सन के कपड़े बहुत उत्तम होते थे तथा बंगाल का मलमल भी अत्यंत प्रसिद्ध था।
  • अर्थशास्त्र में ‘चीन पट्ट’ के उल्लेख से ज्ञात होता है कि रेशम का चीन से आयात होता था। 
  • मेगास्थनीज के इंडिका को अनुसार राज्य की ओर से खानों को चलाने के लिए अकराध्यक्ष की नियुक्ति की गई थी।
  • देश में सोना, चांदी, तांबा, लाहा तथा जस्ता भी काफी मात्रा में उपलब्ध थे।
  • मौर्यकाल में जल मार्गीय व्यापार के लिए 8 प्रकार की नौकाओं के प्रयोग के प्रमाण मिले हैं जिनमें द्रवहण (समुद्री व्यापारी जहाज), संयात (समुद्री व्यापारी जहाज) एवं क्षुद्रका (नदियों में चलने वाली नौकाएँ) प्रमुख थीं।
  • कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र से तत्कालीन मुद्रा-पद्धति की जानकारी मिलती है. मुद्रा-पद्धति का संचालन करने के लिए एक पृथक अमात्य होता था जिसे लक्षणाध्यक्ष कहते थे।
  • टकसाल का प्रधान अधिकारी सौवर्णिक कहलाता था। अर्थशास्त्र में दो प्रकार के सिक्कों का उल्लेख है-कोशप्रवेश्य (राजकीय क्रय-विक्रय हेतु प्रामाणिक सिक्के), व्यावहारिक (सामान्य लेन-देन में प्रयुक्त सिक्के)। 
  • चाँदी के सिक्कों को पण या रूप्य अथवा रूप कहा जाता था। ताँबे के सिक्कों को तामरूप या भाषक कहा जाता था। ताँबे के भाषक के भाग तौर पर अर्द्धभाषक् ककिणी (1/2 भाषक) एवं अर्द्धककिणी (1/2 ककिणी) आदि भी प्रचलन में थे।
  • सुवर्ण-यह एक सोने का सिक्का था, जिसका वजन 5/2 तोला होता था। कोई भी व्यक्ति धातु ले जाकर सौवर्णिक से सिक्के बनवा सकता था। प्रत्येक सिक्के की बनाई 1ककिणी ली जाती थी।
  • सिक्के बनवाने में 185% ब्याज रूपिका एवं परीक्षण के रूप में देना पड़ता था।
  • समुद्र के जल से नमक बनाने का व्यवसाय लवणाध्यक्ष के नेतृत्व में संचालित होता था।
  • समुद्रों से मोती अथवा रत्न निकालने का कार्य भी खन्याध्यक्ष के नेतृतव में होता था।
  • चिकित्सा कार्य करने वालों को भिषज् (साधारण वैद्य), गर्भ-व्याधि संस्था (गर्भ का वैद्य) सूतिका (संतात्नोपत्ति विभाग का चिकित्सा) तथा जंगली विद (विष-चिकित्सक) कहा जाता था।
  • राज्य द्वारा उन्नत शराब व्यवसाय के लिए पृथक विभाग की स्थापना की गई थी जिसका प्रमुख सुराध्यक्ष होता था।
  • शराब बेचने वाले को शौण्डिक कहा जाता था।
  • अस्त्र-शस्त्र का निर्माण करने वाले विभाग का प्रमुख आयुधागाराध्यक्ष होता था।
  • इस काल में वेश्यावृति का व्यवसाय भी प्रचलन में था एवं यह व्यवसाय अपनाने वाली महिलाएँ रूपजीवा कहलाती थीं। 
  • मौर्यकाल में पाटलिपुत्र, तक्षशिला उज्जैन, कौशांबी, वाराणसी एवं तोशाली आदि प्रमुख व्यापारिक केंद्र थे।
  • भारत के समुद्र तटों पर अनेक बंदरगाह थे जहाँ से लंका, सुमात्रा, जावा, बर्मा, मिस्र, सीरिया, यूनान, रोम एवं फारस से विदेश व्यापार होते थे।
  • व्यापार संघों को श्रेणी एवं इसके प्रमुख को श्रेणिक कहा जाता था। श्रेणियाँ प्रायः अपने शिल्पियों के लिए बैंक का कार्य करती थी।
  • श्रेणियों द्वारा दिये गये ऋण पर ब्याज की निम्न दरें थीं साधारण ऋण पर-15%, समुद्री यात्राओं के लिए दिये गये ऋण पर-60%।
  • मेगास्थनीज की इंडिका से ज्ञात होता है कि मौर्यकाल में मार्ग-निर्माण एवं देख-रेख के लिए एक पदधिकारी होता था जिसे एग्रोनोमोई (Agronomoi) कहा जाता था।
  • मौर्य काल में पण्य वस्तुओं (निर्मित वस्तुओं) के मूल्य पर उसका ‘5वाँ’ भाग चुंगी के रूप में लिया जाता था। मौर्यकाल में चुंगी का ‘5वाँ’ भाग व्यापार कर के रूप में लिया जाता था।
  • मौर्यकाल में देशी वस्तुओं पर 4% एवं आयातित वस्तुओं पर 10% बिक्रीकर (Sale Tax) भी लिया जाता था। 
  • मौर्यकाल में दो प्रधान स्थल मार्ग थे-पाटलिपुत्र-वाराणसी-उत्तरापथ मार्ग तथा पाटलिपुत्र से वाराणसी, उज्जैन होते हुए पश्चिमी तट के बंदरगाहों तक दूसरा प्रमुख मार्ग जाता था।

मौर्य प्रशासन

  • चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य एक महान विजेता ही नहीं एक कुशल प्रशासक भी था। उसने अपने समस्त साम्राज्य को एक अति केंद्रीयकृत (highly centralised) नौकरशाही के सूत्र में बाँधा।
  • मौर्य प्रशासन के विषय में कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र एवं मेगास्थनीज की इंडिका से महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्राप्त होती है।
  • मौर्यकाल में राजा प्रधान सेनापति, प्रधान न्यायाधीश तथा प्रधान दण्डाधिकारी होता था।
  • राजा अपने मंत्रियों की सहायता से शासन करता था, परंतु वह मंत्रियों की बात मानने को बाध्य नहीं था।
  • इतने बड़े साम्राज्य का संचालन करने के लिए अर्थशास्त्र में एक मंत्रिमंडल के गठन की सलाह दी गई है।
  • मंत्रिमंडल का गठन सचिव या अमात्यों को मिलाकर होता था जिसे दो भागों में विभक्त किया गया था- मंत्रिसभा-इसे ‘मंत्रिन्’ भी कहा जाता था
  • मंत्रिसभा की सदस्य संख्या 3 या 4 होती थी। मंत्रिसभा को आंतरिक मंत्रिमंडल कहा जा सकता है। मंत्रिसभा के सदस्यों को अशोक के अभिलेखों में महामात्र कहा गया है। 
  • गयोडोरस एवं अर्थशास्त्र के अनुसार मंत्रिसभा के सदस्य राज्य के सर्वोच्च अधिकारी होते थे तथा सर्वाधिक वेतन (48000 पण) प्राप्त करते थे।
  • मंत्रि-सभा के अलावा एक मंत्रिपरिषद् भी होती थी, इसमें अधिक सदस्य होते थे इसमें 12 से लेकर 20 तक मंत्री सदस्य होते थे।
  • मंत्रिपरिषद् के सदस्यों का कार्य केवल सलाह देना था, उसको मानना न मानना राजा के ऊपर निर्भर था। अर्थशास्त्र के अनुसार मंत्रिपरिषद् के सदस्यों को 12000 पण् वेतन मिलता था। । 
  • शासन में सुविधा के लिए केंद्रीय शासन को कई भागों में विभक्त किया गया था, प्रत्येक विभाग तीर्थ कहलाता था !

अर्थशास्त्र में उल्लेखित चौदह तीर्थ

1 प्रधानमंत्री और पुरोहित पुरोहित प्रमुख धर्माधिकारी होते थे | चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य के समय में यह दोनों विभाग कौटिल्य के अधीन थे | बिंदुसार के समय में विष्णुगुप्त कुछ समय तक उसका प्रधानमंत्री था उसके बाद खल्लाटक को प्रधानमंत्री बनाया गया | अशोक का प्रधानमंत्री राधागुप्त था |
2 समाहर्ता राजस्व विभाग का प्रधान अधिकारी |
3 सन्निधाता राजकीय कोषाध्यक्ष |
4 सेनापति युद्ध विभाग का मंत्री |
5 युवराज राजा का उत्तराधिकारी |
6 प्रदेष्टा फौजदारी (कंटक शोधन) न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश |
7 नायक सेना का संचालक अर्थात सेना का नेतृत्व |
8 कर्मांतिक देश के उद्योग धंधों का प्रधान निरीक्षक |
9 व्यवहारिक दीवानी (धर्मस्थीय) न्यायालय का मुख्य न्यायाधीश |
10 मंत्री परिषदाध्यक्ष मंत्री परिषद का अध्यक्ष |
11 दंडपाल सेना की सामग्रियों को जुटाने वाला प्रधान अधिकारी |
12 अंतपाल सीमावर्ती दुर्गों का रक्षक |
13 दुर्गापाल देश के भीतरी दुर्गों का प्रबंधक |
14 नागरक नगर का प्रमुख अधिकारी |
15 प्रशास्ता राजकीय कागजातों को सुरक्षित रखने वाला तथा राज्य की आज्ञाओं को लिपिबद्ध करने वाला प्रधान अधिकारी |
16 दौबारिक राजमहलों की देखरेख करने वाला प्रधान अधिकारी |
17 अंतवरशिक सम्राट की अंगरक्षक सेना का प्रधान अधिकारी |
18 आटविक वन विभाग का प्रधान अधिकारी |
  • उपर्युक्त 18 अमात्यों के अलावा युक्त (खोई हुई संपति के प्राप्त होने पर उसकी रक्षा करने वाला), प्रतिवेदिक (सम्राट को प्रतिदिन की सूचना देनेवाला), ब्रजभूमिक (गौशाला का निरीक्षक) एवं एग्रोनोमोई जैसे केंद्रीय पदाधिकारियों का भी उल्लेख मिलता है।
  • चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने कानून-व्यवस्था बनाये रखने हेतु पुलिस का गठन किया तथा इसे साधारण पुलिस एवं गुप्तचर (गूढ़ पुरुषं) में बाँटा।
  • प्रकट पुलिस के सिपाहियों को रक्षिन कहा जाता था। गुप्तचर सेवा को भी दो भागों में बाँटा गया था जहां संस्थान वर्ग के गुप्तचर एक स्थान पर टिककर वहाँ के गतिविधियों की सूचना राजा को देते थे वहीं संचारण वर्ग के गुप्तचर एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक भ्रमण करके विभिन्न स्थानों की सूचना राजा को देते थे।
  • महिलाओं को भी गुप्तचर के रूप में नियुक्त किया जाता था।
  • प्लिनी के अनुसार चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य की सेना में 6 लाख पैदल सैनिक, 30 हजार घुड़सवार, 9 हजार हाथी तथा 8000 रथ थे।
  • उसने एक जल-सेना का गठन भी किया था। 
  • इंडिका के अनुसार संपूर्ण सेना के प्रबंधन हेतु एक 30 सदस्यीय समिति होती थी।
  • सेना का प्रबंध 6 भागों में विभक्त था तथा प्रत्येक विभाग की समिति में अध्यक्ष सहित 5 सदस्य होते थे-प्रथम समिति (जल सेना का प्रबंध करती थी), द्वितीय समिति (सेना को हर प्रकार की सामग्री तथा रसद भेजने का प्रबंध करती थी), तृतीय समिति (पैदल सेना का प्रबंध करती थी), चतुर्थ समिति (अश्वरोहियों का प्रबंध देखती थी), पाँचवीं समिति (हाथियों की सेना का प्रबंध देखती थी), छठी समिति (रथ सेना का प्रबंध देखती थी)।
  • सेना के साथ एक चिकित्सा-विभाग होता था जो घायल सैनिकों का इलाज करता था।
  • राजा सर्वोच्च न्यायाधीश एवं उसका न्यायालय उच्चत्तम न्यायालय होता था।

 अशोक का धर्म (धम्म)

  • भब्रू में उत्कीर्ण शिलालेख से यह स्पष्ट जानकारी मिलती है कि अशोक ने बौद्ध धर्म स्वीकार किया। इसमें बिल्कुल स्पष्ट रूप से अशोक द्वारा बुद्ध, धम्म एवं संघ में आस्था प्रकट करने का प्रमाण मिलता है
  • अशोक ने अपनी प्रजा के नैतिक उत्थान के लिए एक आचार-संहिता का प्रतिपादन किया, इसे ही अभिलेखों में धम्म कहा गया।
  • धम्म की परिभाषा राहुलोवाद सूक्त से ली गई है। अशोक के 7वें’ स्तंभ लेख में धम्म के सिद्धांतों का उल्लेख है।
  • अशोक के ‘8वें’ शिलालेख के अनुसार प्राचीन विहार-यात्रा का स्थान धम्म-यात्रा ने ले लिया।
  • धम्म-यात्राओं का मुख्य उद्देश्य ब्राह्मणों, स्थाविरों आदि का दर्शन करना एवं प्रजा से धार्मिक बातचीत करना था।
  • अशोक ने अपने शासन के ’12वें’ वर्ष में राजुका, प्रदेशका एवं युक्त जैसे पदाधिकारियों को धर्म-प्रचार के कार्यों में लगाया।
  • अशोक के ‘8वें’ शिलालेख के अनुसार अपने शासन के 13वें’ वर्ष उसने धम्म-महामात्रों की नियुक्ति धर्म-प्रचार के उद्देश्य से की।
  • अशोक के तृतीय शिलालेख से ज्ञात होता है। कि उसके साम्राज्य में युक्त, राजुका एवं प्रदेश का प्रत्येक 5 वर्ष पर धर्मानुशासन के लिए सर्वत्र भ्रमण पर निकलें।

अशोक द्वारा भेजे गए बौद्ध मिशन

धर्म प्रचारक  प्रचार का क्षेत्र 
महेंद्र और संघमित्र  श्रीलंका 
मज़्झंतिक कश्मीर – गांधार 
सोन / उत्तरा  सुवर्ण भूमि 
महाधर्म रक्षित महाराष्ट्र
महादेव मैसूर
महारक्षित  यवनराज
रक्षित उत्तरी किनार
धर्मरक्षित पश्चिमी भारत
  • अर्थशास्त्र से दो प्रकार के न्यायालयों धर्मास्थिय एवं कंटकशोधन के प्रचलन में होने की जानकारी मिलती है
  • धर्मास्थिय न्यायालय में तीन धर्मास्थ (कानूनवेत्ता) एवं तीन अमात्य होते थे। धर्मास्थिय न्यायालय में दीवानी मामलों (विवाह, तलाक, उत्तराधिकार आदि) को निपटाया जाता था।
  • कंटकशोधन न्यायालय में तीन प्रदेष्टा एवं तीन अमात्य होते थे। कंटकशोधन न्यायालय में फौजदारी मामले निपटाये जाते थे। 
  • अशोक के काल में राजुका (एक केंद्रीय पदाधिकारी) ‘जनपदीय न्यायालय‘ का न्यायाधीश होता था।
  • मौर्यकालीन प्रांत दो प्रकार के थे-स्वायत्त प्रांत एवं मौर्य साम्राज्य के अंतर्गत प्रत्यक्ष रूप से आने वाले प्रांत।
  • मौर्यकाल में प्रांतों को चक्र कहा जाता था।
  • प्रान्तों का शासन वाइसरायों के हाथ में था, अशोक के अभिलेखों में इन्हें कुमार अथवा आर्यपुत्र कहा गया है
  • केंद्रीय शासन की ही तरह राज्यों में भी मंत्रिपरिषद होती थी !
  • रोमिला थापर ने बौद्ध ग्रंथ दिव्यदान के कुछ भाग से ये निष्कर्ष निकाला कि प्रांतीय मंत्रिपरिषद सीधे राजा के संपर्क में रहती थी !
  • साम्राज्य के अंतर्गत जो स्वायत्त प्रांत थे उनमें शासक के रूप में स्थानीय राजाओं की मान्यता थी, स्थानीय राजाओं पर अंतपालों द्वारा नज़र रखी जाती थी !
  • अशोक के धम्म महामात्र इन स्वायत्त राज्य के शासकों पर.राज्य-क्षेत्र में धर्म-प्रचार के माध्यम से नियंत्रण रखते थे।
  • प्रांतों को विषय अथवा आधार (जिलों) में बाँटा गया था जो संभवतः विषयपति के अधीन होते थे।
  • जिले का शासक स्थानिक होता था जो कि समाहर्ता के अधीन कार्य करता था। 
  • स्थानिक के अधीन गोप होते थे जो 10 गाँवों पर शासन करते थे।
  • प्रदेष्ट्रा भी शासन में समाहर्ता की मदद करता था।
  • ग्राम शासन की सबसे छोटी ईकाई थी।
  • ग्राम का शासक ग्रामिक (मुखिया) कहलाता था।
  • प्रत्येक ग्राम में सम्राट का एक ‘भृत्य’ कर तथा लगान वसूलने के लिए होता था। इसे ‘ग्राम भृत्तक’ कहते थे। यह पद अवैतनिक था तथा ग्रामवासी ही उसका चुनाव करते थे।
  • मेगास्थनीज के अनुसार पाटलिपुत्र का म्युनिसिपल शासन एक 30 सदस्यीय परिषद देखती थी। उपरोक्त परिषद 6 समितियों में बंटी हुई थी, जिसमें 5-5 सदस्य होते थे
शिल्प कला समिति औद्योगिक कलाओं के निरीक्षण हेतु गठित यह समिति कलाकारों, कारीगरों एवं श्रमिकों के परिश्रमिक एवं सुरक्षा की व्यवस्था देखती थी। 
वैदेशिक समिति वैदेशिक समिति के ऊपर विदेशियों की निगरानी, उनके आवागमन, उनके निवास स्थान एवं उनकी चिकित्सा तथा सुरक्षा का प्रबंध करना।
जनसंख्या समिति जन्म-मरण का लेखा-जोखा, कराधान एवं जनसंख्या में वृद्धि एवं कमी मापने के लिए जन्म-मरण का रजिस्ट्रेशन करवाना इस समिति का प्रमुख कार्य था। 
वाणिज्य व्यवसाय समिति यह समिति व्यापारियों एवं वणिकों के निरीक्षण एवं नियंत्रण के लिए गठित की गई थी। 
वस्तु निरीक्षक समिति वस्तुओं के उत्पादन तथा उद्योगपतियों द्वारा औद्योगिक उत्पादन में किये जा रहे मिलावट का निरीक्षण करना इस समिति का मुख्य उद्देश्य है।
कर समिति यह समिति बिक्री की वस्तुओं पर कर वसूलती थी।

मौर्य कला

महल

  • मेगास्थनीज, एरियन एवं स्ट्रैबो ने पाटलिपुत्र के राजप्रासाद का वर्णन किया है चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने मूलत: नगर एवं प्रासाद का निर्माण करवाया।
  • डॉ० स्पूनर ने बुलंदीबाग एवं कुम्हरार (पटना में स्थित) लकड़ी के विशाल भवनों के अवशेषों का पता लगाया।
  • डॉ स्पूनर ने एक ऐसे विशाल सभागार का पता कुम्हरार में लगाया है जो पत्थर के 80 खंभों पर टिका हुआ है।
  • ये खंभे पत्थरों को काटकर बनाये गये थे जिनकी गोलाई ऊपर की ओर कम होती गयी थी। ऐसा एक पूरा का पूरा खंभा कुम्हरार में उपलब्ध हुआ है।
  • मौर्यकला में ईरानी कला-शैली का मिश्रण भी संभावित है।

स्तूप

  • स्तूप एक प्रकार की समाधि होती थी बौद्ध साहित्य के अनुसार अशोक ने 84000 स्तूपों का निर्माण करवाया जिनमें साँची, सारनाथ एवं भारहुत के स्तूप अत्यधिक प्रसिद्ध हैं।
  • 16 फुट ऊँचा, 6 फुट चौड़ा प्रदक्षिणा-पथ एवं 120 फुट व्यास के गोलार्द्ध वाला साँची का स्तूप मौर्यकालीन कला का एक उत्कृष्ट नमूना है।

गुफाएँ

  • मौर्य काल में भिक्षुओं के चातुर्मास में विश्राम करने के लिए गुफाएँ निर्मित की गई थीं !
  • अशोक एवं उसके नाती दशरथ द्वारा बनवायी गई बराबर एवं नागार्जुनी पहाड़ियों की गुफाएँ अधिक प्रसिद्ध हैं। बराबर पहाड़ियों में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण एवं सबसे बाद की गुफा लोमष मुनि की है।
  • बराबर पहाड़ी गुफाओं का निर्माण अशोक ने अपने शासन के 12वें वर्ष से लेकर 19वें वर्ष के बीच में किया।
  • नागार्जुनी गुफाओं का निर्माण दशरथ ने करवाया।

स्तम्भ

  • अशोक के स्तंभों का भारतीय कला के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है !
  • अशोक ने संभवत: 30 या 40 स्तंभों का निर्माण कराया।सभी स्तंभों में लौरिया-नंदनगढ़, रामपुरवा तथा सारनाथ अत्यधिक प्रसिद्ध हैं।
  • सारनाथ का ‘सिंह-मूर्ति’-स्तंभ विशेष महत्वपूर्ण है। क्योंकि इसका शीर्ष वर्तमान में भारत का राजचिह्न है।


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मौर्य साम्राज्य || मौर्य साम्राज्य की परीक्षा की दृष्टी से महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -046 || CRACK EXAM AT FIRST ATTEMPT.

 

 

16 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

पर्यावरण एवं पारिस्थितिकी से जुडी सभी जानकारी ||यह से देखे ||

 

 

सोनीपत जिला || Haryana Sonipat District|| 12

 

 

मनुष्य का रुधिर परिसंचरण तंत्र||

 

 

विश्व की प्रमुख नदियां || हिंदी में UPSC

 

 

14 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

Daliy Current Affairs ||13 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -045 || Mix Questions ||Crack Exam at first attempt.

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -044 || HINDI || Crack exam at first attempt.

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -043 || HARYANA GK ||Crack Your Exam At first Attempt |

 

 

हरियाणा के इतिहास से जुडी कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण तिथियाँ

 

 

हरियाणा के प्रमुख मेले और त्यौहार|| fairs-festivals-of-haryana/

 

 

मानव प्रजनन तंत्र || Human Science reproductive system

 

 

Daliy Current Affairs ||11 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

HSSC CET Mocktest – 042 || #hssc #cet #mocktest ||Creck your exam at first attemp.

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -041 || HARYANA GK || #HSSC , #CET , #MOCKTEST |

 

 

पानीपत जिला || Haryana panipat District|| 11

 

 

Daliy Current Affairs ||10 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

Daliy Current Affairs ||09 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -040 || FULL TEST WITH 80 QUESTIONS | #HSSC . #CET , #MOCKTEST ,

 

 

Daliy Current Affairs ||08 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST – HINDI SPECIAL ||

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST -039|| #HSSC #CET #FREE #MOCKTEST

 

 

Animal Husbandry in India|| भारत में पशुपालन

 

 

करनाल जिला || Haryana Karnal District|| 10

 

 

यमुनानगर जिला ||यमुनानगर की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 09

 

 

05 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

पंचकुला की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 08

 

 

04 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

भारतीय संविधान के निर्माण से सम्बन्धित कुछ महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

 

 

अम्बाला की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 07

 

 

03 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

कुरुक्षेत्र जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 06

 

 

01 August 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

कैथल जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 05

 

 

31 July 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

जींद जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 04

 

 

30 July 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

हिसार जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 3

 

 

29 July 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

फतेहाबाद जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे|| 2

 

 

18 July 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

19 July 2022 Current Affairs

 

 

Sirsa जिले की पूरी जानकारी यह से देखे || 1

 

 

भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के कुछ प्रमुख व्यक्तित्व परीक्षा की दृष्टी से महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

 

 

HSSC CET MOCKTEST – 038|| Haryana GK ||

 

 

भारत के राष्ट्रीय प्रतीक एवं चिन्ह परीक्षा की दृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी ||

 

 

04 July 2022 Current Affairs

 

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